Insights Thematic Research

China: Finding the Right Balance

Key Takeaways

  • In contrast to the steady stream of unfavorable headlines about China in recent years, the fundamental outlook for Chinese
    equities has improved relative to other Emerging Market (EM) equities.
  • While we once saw overexuberance towards Chinese growth stocks, we now see risk that sentiment, on balance, has
    turned overly negative.
  • Moreover, we would encourage investors to remain active in their China allocations; fundamentally grounded investing
    approaches have been rewarded there since growthy froth ebbed after 2020.
7 min

Table of contents

    A steady drumbeat of negative news flow about China’s economy and its geostrategic tensions with the U.S. has weighed on investor sentiment towards the country for quite some time. Despite these unresolved concerns, our top-down forecast for Chinese equities has improved relative to other emerging markets (EM) over the past year, and fundamentally oriented stock selection has been rewarded in the country’s markets.

    In this note, therefore, we re-examine the outlook for Chinese stocks from a systematic perspective. We analyze why the forecast has changed, and document how the dampening of speculative froth has reversed fortunes among active investors in the market. Along the way, we offer timely suggestions for investors who are re-thinking how to set their EM allocations across China and EM ex-China, more broadly.

    The Outlook for Chinese Stocks: An Evolving Picture

    In recent years, headlines about China have presented a generally bleak economic outlook. Investor attention has been dominated by news flow around China’s debt burden and elevated geostrategic concerns. Such longstanding and still unresolved macro challenges do not necessarily imply a poor outlook for Chinese stocks, however, particularly over short horizons.1 What matters is whether the market is accurately repricing the risks as conditions continue to evolve.

    Indeed, Figure 1 shows that on the basis of our top-down country forecast, which reflects valuations, economic conditions, sentiment, and other criteria, Chinese stocks’ attractiveness has increased. In fact, while on a relative basis the forecast for Chinese equities indeed weakened in 2020 with the imposition of zero-COVID policies, it has brightened considerably since early 2022.

    Figure 1: Top-Down Outlook – Onshore Chinese Stocks Versus EM

    Figures are through November 2023. Source: Acadian. For illustrative purposes only. There is no assurance that the forecasts will be achieved. Every investment program has the opportunity for loss as well as profit.

    It turns out that despite past headlines, improving macroeconomic conditions have been a key driver of this change in the country’s equity outlook. Growth, while still historically weak, has nevertheless been better than previously expected, and both monetary stimulus and weakness of the yuan have provided additional boosts. Economic forecasters seem to agree that the outlook has improved; as compared to a near uniformly negative consensus that emerged in 2022, their views on China are now more mixed. Valuations have been a second, meaningful driver of the improving investment forecast (relative to EM).

    Fundamentals Rewarded

    For about four years ending in 2020, a handful of Chinese mega-cap tech stocks soared as speculative excess lifted growth stocks globally and the Chinese government let stocks domiciled there run up.2 Under these frothy conditions, narrow growth-focused stock pickers flourished in the Chinese market; some delivered spectacular returns. Fundamentally oriented strategies outperformed the cap-weighted index, on average, but couldn’t keep pace with growth-oriented peers as distortions in valuations grew. (Figure 2) Moreover, as the narrow rally continued, passive allocations to China blindly inherited an increasingly growthy character—top heavy and geared to a few tech companies’ strong returns.

    Figure 2: Median Manager Excess Returns in Onshore Chinese Equities

    Annualized Excess Returns relative to the MSCI China Onshore Index

    Chart shows annualized median excess returns net of dividends relative to the MSCI China Onshore Index. Fundamentally Oriented corresponds to Quantitative strategies and Growth-Focused corresponds to Discretionary Growth strategies. Excess returns for both strategies from eVestment’s Onshore China A-Shares Equity universe. Source: Acadian based on data from MSCI, eVestment. MSCI data copyright MSCI 2023, All Rights Reserved. Unpublished. PROPRIETARY TO MSCI. Please see additional disclosure at the end of the paper for more information. For illustrative purposes only.

    But patience on the part of fundamentally oriented managers was rewarded starting in late 2020 when Chinese regulators cracked down on offshore-listed platform companies, such as Alibaba, JD.com, and Tencent.3 Large-cap offshore tech multiples quickly collapsed. Subsequently, the 2022 global growth selloff, additional regulatory actions, and continuation of zero-COVID policies limited speculative pressure among Chinese equities during 2023 even as growthy froth reemerged in the U.S. and other global markets. In part as a result, fundamentally oriented managers that rely on a mix of valuation, quality, and sentiment themes have outperformed in China for nearly three years now. In contrast, previously high-flying growth-focused stock pickers have meaningfully underperformed.

    Implications

    The juxtaposition of pessimistic headlines versus the evolving top-down forecast and recent success of fundamentally oriented stock selection warrants careful consideration by allocators. While we once saw overexuberance about prospects for Chinese stocks, there is risk now that sentiment has become too negative.

    This is not a “pound the table” call to overweight China, but rather a caution that underexposure to its equity market is not risk free. As we’ve written before, theory and empirical evidence suggest that a key contributor to the long-term success of any public equity allocation is keeping many lines in the water, i.e., broad exposure. The reason being that a small set of stocks may end up driving long-run performance, and it is difficult to predict which stocks they will turn out to be. A timely takeaway for allocators is that strategically underweighting a market as large as China likely has opportunity cost.

    In addition, the strong performance of fundamentally oriented active strategies in China over the past three years is further evidence that its equity market is less efficient than many others yet is rational enough to reward investors who look to capitalize on behavioral and information-based mispricings. While the outlook for Chinese equities has improved, we would advise investors not to load up on narrow growthy stock picking; we would not bank on a resurgence of the ebullience that we saw from 2017-2020. Instead, we would advise investors to stay active in China (and EM in general) by embracing well-diversified strategies that are rooted in fundamentals. 

    Sidebar: Four Timely Reminders for EM Investors 

    #1: Consider bifurcating China from the rest of EM

    Since we first addressed issues associated with China’s role in EM allocations in late 2021, asset owners and consultants have become increasingly cognizant that conventional EM benchmarks (China + EM ex-China) may not map well to their views or needs. For some, the relative allocation embedded in the combined index does not align with their investment outlook for China relative to the rest of EM,4 while others require flexibility in setting the relative allocation to China due to geostrategic concerns or associated governance pressures.5 While in the abstract, bifurcating EM effectively introduces a constraint into portfolio construction, which should have a cost in the context of an active strategy, increasingly, other pragmatic considerations point to separating China and EM ex-China allocations as an appropriate starting point.

    #2: Stay Active in EM

    The opportunity set for active multifactor approaches in EM is attractive. Even though some allocators have been tempted to go passive based on EM benchmarks’ heady returns from 2017-20, that narrowly driven performance now looks aberrant. As alluded to above, those strong returns reflected a global one-factor bet on growth that propelled large-cap tech-oriented stocks in China, South Korea, and Taiwan (as well as developed markets). While that era posed headwinds for active performance of fundamentally oriented active strategies in EM, they have since been rewarded as distortions have diminished. We view the episode as highlighting a benefit of multifactor active approaches in that they provide natural guardrails against thematic mispricings and associated “active-like” risks that cap-weighted benchmarks may mechanically inherit (such as high levels of concentration in countries, industries, and stocks).6 As we recently documented, multifactor processes have performed well in EM in 2023, pointing to their enduring efficacy in these relatively inefficiently priced markets.7

    #3: In China, Prioritize Onshore Equities

    In reevaluating allocations to China, whether to increase or decrease exposure, investors should prioritize onshore over offshore equities. The onshore opportunity set is not only larger than offshore, but it also offers greater diversification (risk reduction) potential: equity returns in these markets are less explained by global risk factors and are more locally driven. Onshore Chinese equities also have greater exposure to sectors that are recognized to be locally oriented.8 Finally, for active investors, China’s onshore market offers a rich source of behaviorally based mispricings in an exceptionally large universe of relatively liquid yet professionally underfollowed small caps. Accessing this opportunity set demands investment in specialized signal construction, distinct data sources, and local-language text processing (which has helped to preserve it).9

    #4: In EM ex-China, Go as Broad as Possible

    In EM ex-China sleeves, allocators are starting with a much smaller opportunity set relative to EM. Moreover, the relevant benchmark is highly concentrated in South Korea and Taiwan, two economies that are well integrated with the developed world, with equities that are sensitive to global developed market risk factors.10 Further, the index is even more top-heavy than the EM benchmark (e.g., Taiwan Semiconductor alone has a weight near 10%). With respect to the active opportunity set, these factors suggest that investors should tap into broader investment universes, perhaps including non-benchmark EM stocks, less integrated segments of developed markets, and Frontier equities.

    Endnotes

    1. Concerns around the property sector emerged in late 2017, more than six years ago. China-Taiwan geostrategic concerns, while ever-present, have intensified since the Ukraine Invasion. 
    2. For further discussion see, for example, see Growth Versus Value: End of an Era?, Acadian, November 2022.
    3. E.g., “$250 billion wiped off Chinese tech stocks as Beijing signals crackdown” CNN, November 11, 2020. References to these and any other specific companies in this write-up should not be construed as recommendations to buy or sell any securities.
    4. The 80% haircut that MSCI applies to China A-shares underrepresents their economic significance.
    5. In the U.S., there is high-profile pressure on investment in China at both state and federal levels. E.g., see “Spreading State Restrictions on China Show Depths of Distrust in the U.S.”, New York Times, Aug 21, 2023, and “Republican Float Chinese Divestment Bill for Public Pension Funds, Endowments”, P & I Online, Aug 2, 2023.
    6. E.g., from 2017-2020, China’s weight in MSCI’s flagship EM benchmark rose from 27% to 43%. It is now back at 30%. Source: MSCI. MSCI data copyright MSCI 2023, All Rights Reserved. Unpublished. PROPRIETARY TO MSCI.
    7. See Sentiment Versus Fundamentals: The Current Case for EM over U.S. Equity, Acadian, October 2023.
    8. See Cheol Eun, Soohun Kim, Fengrong Wei, and Teng Zhang, Global Diversification with Local Stocks: A Road Less Traveled, Working Paper, July 8, 2017.
    9. For in depth discussion of these issues, see Polarizing Views: China’s Impact on EM Investing, Acadian, November 2021.
    10. South Korea is classified developed by the IMF, UNCTAD, and some benchmark providers like FTSE.

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